The signs of depression don’t look the same in everyone; in fact, they can vary quite a bit from one person to another, and especially from one age group to another.

In addition to obvious mood changes and other typical symptoms, depression indicators can include behavior changes and physical complaints as well as more subtle signs. Here are several common red flags for each age group, along with common triggers and what you can do to help.

Children

Depression isn’t common in children under 12, but it does occur. Along with feeling sad or hopeless, common signs include problems at school, a loss of interest in fun activities, changed eating habits, weight gain or loss, clinginess, anxiety, difficulties with family members, and avoiding school and social activities.

Many factors can trigger depression in children: domestic violence, parental depression, divorce and other family stressors, abuse, learning problems, moving to a new town or school, and the loss of a pet, friend or family member.

Talking with a therapist benefits even young children. If you think your child might need help, ask your pediatrician, a school counselor or another therapist for a referral to someone who specializes in working with children.

Teens

Wide mood swings are normal in those ages 12 to 18, but to be on the lookout for depression. Watch for mood changes that last longer than a few weeks; problems at school, home or with friends; unusual levels of irritability and lashing out; feelings of worthlessness, anger and extreme sensitivity; sleeping or eating too much; avoiding friends and others; a loss of interest in activities; or self-harm behaviors such as cutting and alcohol or drug use.

Many of the same life issues that affect young children can lead to depression in teenagers. In addition, depression in teens may arise from pressures to fit in, succeed and mature; hormonal issues; sexuality concerns; lack of sleep; and rejection by peers.

If you suspect your teen might be depressed, broach the subject with a low-pressure talk while you’re in the car or on a walk. Encourage your teen to confide in someone; if not you, then a friend or a teacher. And make an appointment with your teen’s primary care doctor, who can determine if symptoms are due to a physical problem, such as hypothyroidism. The doctor can also evaluate your teen for possible referral to a mental health professional. 

Young Adults

Young adults ages 19 to 29 sometimes develop depression due to major life transitions, lack of support in new environments, lack of coping skills, relationship issues, poverty, trauma, work issues and more.

What can you do to help? It’s important to build a support system during this time of life, so help your loved one to stay connected with others, and talk about how they can prepare for big life transitions. Encourage them to talk with their doctor about symptoms, and to possibly see a therapist. 

Midlife Adults

Adults ages 30 to 60 tend to have a lot going on that can trigger depression: caring for children as well as aging parents, financial stress, isolation, work and relationship issues, menopause and perimenopause, dealing with major illnesses, and lots of responsibilities with no relief in sight.

In addition to the standard signs of depression, some people might exhibit drug or alcohol abuse, anger, risky behavior, and abusive or violent behavior.

Encourage your friend or loved one to open up to you. Listen to their concerns and symptoms. Suggest they take some steps to take care of themselves. Also suggest they visit their primary care doctor for a depression assessment and to see if medications or physical issues could be at the root of their problems.

Senior Adults

Depression is not a normal part of growing older, but it is all too common — and is frequently overlooked and left untreated.

Symptoms in seniors include trouble sleeping, fatigue, sadness and anxiety, trouble focusing or making decisions, and mood changes that don’t let up (grief over losing a loved one, for example, should ease eventually). Physical aches and pains are often signs of depression as well.

Many seniors develop depression from dealing with common late-life issues: social isolation, major life losses such as the death of a spouse, financial stress, and major health problems. Illnesses and medications can also set off symptoms.

If you know a senior who might be depressed, ask about their life and concerns. If possible, create some social outlets. And suggest they talk with their doctor about their symptoms. Many people don’t realize that feelings of sadness and hopelessness are not the norm for older people, and that treatment can help.